In this paper, the improved Adomian decomposition method (ADM) is applied to the nonlinear Schrödinger’s equation (NLSE), one of the most important partial differential equations in quantum mechanics that governs the propagation of solitons through optical fibers. The performance and the accuracy of our improved method are supported by investigating several numerical examples that include initial conditions. The obtained results are compared with the exact solutions. It is shown that the method does not need linearization, weak or perturbation theory to obtain the solutions.
The study of optical solitons has been going on for the past few decades [1] - [10] . The governing equation for the propagation of optical solitons for trans-continental and trans-oceanic distances through an optical fiber is given by the nonlinear Schrödinger’s equation (NLSE) that can be derived from the Maxwell’s equation with the aid of multiple scale analysis. For birefringent fibers and dense wavelength division multiplexed (DWDM) systems, this NLSE is generalized to the corresponding vector version. The scalar NLSE, with constant coefficients, which is typically used to study solitons in a polarization preserving fiber is integrable by the classical method of inverse scattering transform (IST) and for Kerr law nonlinearity only. The NLS equation plays an important role in the modeling of several physical phenomena such as the propagation of optical pulses, waves in fluids and plasma, self-focusing effects in lasers, and trapping of atomic gas in Bose-Einstein condensates. Several numerical methods have been proposed to solve the nonlinear Schrödinger’s equation (NLSE) approximately. Many of them are explicit difference scheme [11] [12] and Adomian decomposition method [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] . The Adomian decomposition method provides the solution in a rapid convergent series with computable terms. This method was successfully applied to nonlinear differential equations. Different modifications to solve nonlinear differential equations are given in [18] [19] [20] . The modifications arise from evaluating difficulties specific for the type of problem under consideration. The modification usually involves only a slight change and is aimed at improving the convergence or accuracy of the solution. The main goal of this paper is to apply some modifications of Adomian decomposition method to the nonlinear Schrödinger’s equation and compare the results with the exact solutions.
2. Analytical Solution for Nonlinear Schrodinger Equation (NLSE)
The dimensionless form of the generalized NLSE that is going to be studied in this paper is given by
Here, the dependent variable u is a complex valued function, while x and t are the two independent variables. The coefficients and are constants and m is a constant parameter, where, transforms the NLSE to its generalized form. The generalized NLSE is partial differential equation that is not integrable, in general. The non- integrability is not necessarily related to the nonlinear term in it. Also, in generalized NLSE, F is a real-valued algebraic function and it is necessary to have the smoothness of the complex function, considering the complex plane C as a two- dimensional linear space R2. The Kerr law of nonlinearity originates from the fact that a light wave in an optical fiber faces nonlinear responses from non-harmonic motion of electrons bound in molecules, caused by an external electric field. Even though the nonlinear responses are extremely weak, their effects appear in various ways over long distance of propagation that is measured in terms of light wavelength. The origin of nonlinear response is related to the non-harmonic motion of bound electrons under the influence of an applied field. As a result the induced polarization is not linear in the electric field, but involves higher order terms in electric field amplitude. In the case of Kerr law nonlinearity where, thus the NLSE is given by
The aim of this section is to obtain an exact bright, dark, and singular 1-soliton solution to this equation. The Ansatz method is used. In order to set up the starting point, the solitons are written in the phase-amplitude format as. Where P is the amplitude component of the soliton and is its phase component, defined as k is the frequency of the solution’s while w represents the wave number and is the phase constant. Substituting (2.2) and (2.3) into (2.1)
and decomposing into real and imaginary parts lead to and. From the imaginary part equation it is possible to obtain the
speed v of the soliton as. The real part equation will be integrated from three types of solitons, namely, the bright, dark and singular soliton solution.
2.1. Bright Soliton
For bright solitons, the starting hypothesis is
and
where, A represents the amplitude of the soliton and B is the inverse width of the soliton and v is the speed of the soliton.
Balancing principle yields
Substituting (2.5) into (2.4) we get
Setting the coefficients of the linearly independent functions to zero leads to From coefficient we get and therefore
This leads to the bright soliton solution
which will exist for the necessary constraints in place.
2.2. Dark Solitons
For dark solitons, the starting hypothesis is given by
For dark solitons the parameters A and B are free parameters. Substituting and applying Balancing principle yields
From coefficient of the into (2.8), we get and therefore From coefficient of, we get and therefore
This gives dark soliton solution
along with their respective constraints as indicated.
2.3. Singular Solitons
For singular solitons, the starting hypothesis is given by. Upon substituting and applying balancing principle yields
From coefficient of into (2.9), we get and therefore From coefficient of, we get and therefore
These lead to singular soliton solutions
which will exist for the necessary constraints in place.
3. Nonlinear Schrodinger Equation by Standard Adomian Method (SADM)
The NLS equation describes the spatio-temporal evolution of the complex field and has the general form (2.1) with the initial condition
The solution of a nonlinear Schrödinger equation will be reduced by using standard Adomian decomposition method [21] . Equation (2.1) is rewritten in an operator form as
where Then, the solution function, which obtains by Ado-
mian decomposition method is assumed to be given by a series form
where the components are going to be determined recurrently, while the nonlinear term is in (2.1) is decomposed into an infinite series of polynomials of the form
The called Adomian polynomials of defined by
Operating on both sides of Equation (3.2) with the integral operator after using the initial displacements given by (3.1) and substituting Equations (3.3) and (3.4) into the resulting functional equation it gives
Then following the Adomian decomposition method introduced by Wazwaz [13] in order to solve Equation (3.6) the following recurrence relation is proposed
Setting u the Adomian polynomials; that represent the nonlinear term.
4. The Modifications of the Adomian Decomposition Method4.1. Reliable Technique
In this section, a reliable modification of the Adomian decomposition method decomposition method developed by Wazwaz [13] will be reduced. The modified form was established based on the assumption that the function f can be divided into two parts namely and. Under this assumption we set .
Based on this, the modified recursive relation is formulated as follows
The choice of and such that contains the minimal number of terms has a strong influence accelerates the convergence of the solution. The modification demonstrate a rapid convergence of the series solution if compared with standard (ADM) and it may give the exact solution for nonlinear equations by using two iterations only without using the so-called Adomian polynomials.
4.2. The New Modification
In the new modification [22] , Wazwaz replaced the process of dividing f into two component by a series of infinite components, so f be expressed in Taylor series . Moreover, he suggests a new recursive relationship expressed in the form
in this research, it is shown that if f consists of one term only, then scheme (4.1) reduces to relation (3.7). Moreover, if f consists of two terms, then relation (4.2) reduces to the modified relation (4.1).
5. Numerical Illustrations5.1. Example 1
Consider the nonlinear cubic Schrodinger equation (NLS) which has the general form
where is a real parameter and. In Equation (2.12) the function u governs the evolution of a weakly nonlinear, strongly dispersive, almost monochromatic wave. Assuming initial condition of the form,
and boundary conditions
the initial boundary value problem (IBVP) (5.1)-(5.3) gives rise to soliton solutions in which the solution and its derivatives with respect to x vanish as [23] [24] . For the single-soliton case, when the function
where satisfies Equations (2.12)-(2.14). For fixed t the function u in Equation (5.4) decays exponentially as and it represents a soliton-type disturbance which travels with speed c; its amplitude is governed by the real parameter a.
1) Standard Adomian Decomposition Method
Consider the initial condition
Using standard ADM the solution of the NLS equation is given by the following approximation;
The approximating Adomian decomposition method was tested to NLS equation for the single-soliton wave to the problems with boundary lines and. In Figure 1 it is presented the modulus of the theoretical solution of NLS with q = 1, a = 0.01 and velocity c = 0.1 for, while in Figure 2 the corresponding approximate solution (SADM)|. Finally in Table 1 is listed the absolute error.
The graph of the exact solution for example 1
The graph of the approximate solution (SADM) for example 1
2) Reliable Technique
Now we assume that the function f can be divided into two parts namely and . Under this assumption we set
In Table 2 various time step combinations are examined and compared with results given by exact solution.
The absolute error when x = 10
Standard ADM
T
0.0000703381
0.1
0.000140626
0.2
0.000210864
0.3
0.000281052
0.4
0.00035119
0.5
0.000421277
0.6
0.000491314
0.7
0.0005613
0.8
0.000631235
0.9
0.00070112
1.0
The absolute error when x = 10
Reliable ADM
T
0.0000704382
0.1
0.000140881
0.2
0.000211328
0.3
0.000281779
0.4
0.000352234
0.5
0.000422694
0.6
0.000491314
0.7
0.000563623
0.8
0.000634093
0.9
0.000704566
1.0
3) The New Modification
In the new modification, the process of dividing f into two components is replaced by a series of infinite components. The recursive relationship expressed in the form
Remark. When using the new modification for ADM the computations of the integrals will be simpler but we need a large number of components to get accurate results, which may lead to accumulation of round of error.
5.2. Example 2
Consider the nonlinear Schrodinger equation (NLS)
Subject to the initial condition of the form,
1) The Standard ADM
So, we get the recurrent relation
We can calculate few terms as
The solution is
The behavior of the ADM solution obtained for different values of time is compared with the exact solution in Figure 3. It is to be noted that the exact solution of was given as.
In Table 3, the absolute errors in different time value are listed.
Remark: As it seen from Figure 3, the numerical results of ADM are in very good agreement with their analytical values obtained from the exact solution. Moreover, from Figure 4 it can be seen that the error are somewhat small as the number of the components (n) in Adomian series is increasing.
2) Reliable Technique
The graph of the exact solution and ADM solution at t = 0.1, t = 0.03 and t = 0.5.
The absolute error when t = 0.03, t = 0.1 and t = 0.5
x
Absolute Error at t = 0.03
Absolute Error at t = 0.1
Absolute Error at t = 0.5
0
3.370059347 × 10−8
0.0000041661332570
0.0025955039
0.1
3.370059347 × 10−8
0.0000041660562770
0.0025955040
0.2
3.381153649 × 10−8
0.0000041661206330
0.0025955039
0.3
3.374685170 × 10−8
0.0000041660544070
0.0025955038
0.4
3.377217790 × 10−8
0.0000041660937870
0.0025955040
0.5
3.379127106 × 10−8
0.0000041661050360
0.0025955038
0.6
3.370356064 × 10−8
0.0000041660713930
0.0025955040
0.7
3.375440712 × 10−8
0.0000041660511770
0.0025955038
0.8
3.373499667 × 10−8
0.0000041662206490
0.0025955036
0.9
3.376684765 × 10−8
0.0000041661306230
0.0025955037
1.0
3.370830758 × 10−8
0.0000041660782630
0.0025955036
The graph of the exact solution and ADM solution at n = 1, n = 2 and n = 3.
We set
In Table 4, various time step combinations are examined and compared with exact solution.
The behavior of the Reliable ADM solution is compared with the exact solution in Figure 5.
3) The New Modification
To apply the new modification we replace f by a series of infinite components. Then, we can calculate few terms as
where
The solution is
In Table 5, the absolute error in different time value is listed.
In Figure 6, the behavior of the new modification solution obtained for different values of time:
The absolute error when x = 10
Reliable ADM
T
0.257913922
0.1
0.0448678059
0.2
0.0584708828
0.3
0.0687497541
0.4
0.079066386
0.5
The graph of the exact solution and ADM solution at t = 0.1, t = 0.3 and t = 0.5.
The absolute error when t = 0.03, t = 0.05 and t = 0.1
X
Absolute Error at t = 0.03
Absolute Error at t = 0.05
Absolute Error at t = 0.1
0
+0.0000225
+0.0001046
+0.0008482
0.1
+0.0000241
+0.0001110
+0.0009063
0.2
+0.0000311
+0.0001338
+0.0010460
0.3
+0.0000471
+0.0001822
+0.0013000
0.4
+0.0000746
+0.0002630
+0.0016955
0.5
+0.0001173
+0.0003844
+0.0022619
The graph of the exact solution and new modification solution at t = 0.03, t = 0.05 and t = 0.
6. The Improved Adomian Decomposition Method6.1. The Method
In our new calculation, the complex system given in Equation (1) in converted into a real system by writing
where are real functions. By substituting Equation (6.1) into Equation (2.1), we obtain the following system
where In an operator form, Equations (6.2) and (6.3) become
Applying the inverse operator to both sides of (6.4) and (6.5) gives
Assumes that, the nonlinear terms in (6.6) and (6.7) are represented by the following series
are Adomian polynomials. Substituting the nonlinear terms (6.8) and (6.9) and the solution form (6.4) and (6.3) into (6.6) and (6.7) gives
Following the decomposition analysis, we introduce the recursive relative
Adomian polynomials are calculated as follows
Similarly we can calculate ,. Now, the first components from Equations (6.12)-(6.15) can be determined. Substituting these values into Equations (6.2) and (6.3), we can obtain the expression of and , the closed form solutions yield from Equations (6.1).
6.2. Test Problems
The method is applied to the two above examples.
1) Solution of Example 5.1 with IADM
We consider Schrodinger Equation (5.7) with its initial condition. In our calculation we will convert the complex equation given in Equation (5.7) into a real system by writing
As we explain above we get
The numerical results obtained with IADM are presented in Table 6.
In Figure 7, it is presented the modulus of the IADM solution of NLS with and velocity for.
2) Solution of Example 5.2 with IADM
We consider following Schrodinger equation
With initial and boundary condition . This problem has an exact solution In our calculation, we will convert the complex equation given in Equation (6.19) into a real system by writing
As is explained above, the iterative relation is obtained as
The absolute error when x = 10
Improve ADM
T
4.6052711 × 10−8
0.1
1.8421550 × 10−7
0.2
4.1449535 × 10−7
0.3
7.3689919 × 10−7
0.4
0.000001151433
0.5
The graph of the approximate solution (IADM) for example 1.
Adomian polynomials are calculated as follows
Similarly we can calculate, . Now, the first components can be determined.
The results are mentioned in Table 7 with only two components.
The absolute error when x = 10
Improve ADM
T
1.6680003 × 10−7
0.1
0.000005331568
0.2
0.0000404691114
0.3
0.0001704381222
0.4
0.0005197377272
0.5
7. Conclusion
In this work, it is shown how the Adomian decomposition method and some of its modification can be adapted in order to be used to the nonlinear Schrodinger. The new method presented in this work has a powerful and easy use. The numerical technique is improved by decomposition of the nonlinear operator. In applying the improved Adomian decomposition Method (IADM) to the nonlinear Schrodinger equation, it is found that the method gives accurate results with lesser computational effort as compared with other modification.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
Cite this paper
Al-Shareef, A., Al Qarni, A.A., Al-Mohalbadi, S. and Bakodah, H.O. (2016) Soliton Solutions and Numerical Treatment of the Nonlinear Schrodinger’s Equation Using Modified Adomian Decomposition Method. Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics, 4, 2215-2232. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jamp.2016.412215
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