The newly synthesized CdNa2?2C2O4?2H2O crystals having a size of 0.30 × 0.25 × 0.20 mm3 were grown by the single-diffusion reaction method in the silica gel medium at 28?C temperature. The crystalline nature of crystals was determined in 20 days by 1) varying the concentrations of the feed solutions and the gel pH level, 2) changing the specific gravity of the feed solution, and 3) changing the gel aging period. The crystals were characterized by using the methods such as powder X-ray diffraction, FTIR, UV, SEM-EDAX, TGA/DTA, and micro-hardness test. The structure of as-grown crystals was determined by the powder crystal XRD patterns. FTIR & SEM-EDAX spectral analyses were used to confirm the presence of the required functional groups of as grown crystals. UV absorption spectrum, the absorption peaks at 224.64 nanometer, determined the energy gap. TGA/DTA thermo gram was used to detect the thermal stability of sodium mixed cadmium oxalate dihydrate crystals. The present grown crystals were brittle and also plastic in nature was identified by Vickers micro-hardness test.
Single oxalate crystals can be prepared by using the gel growth single-diffusion technique. Silica gel method of single diffusion reaction technique is capable of yielding crystals of high optical perfection and wide morphology and is quite suitable for the growth of well-developed and notably transparent crystals of pure metal oxalates of cadmium oxalate, barium oxalate, strontium oxalate, calcium oxalate, and zirconium oxalate. The TGA/DTA, dielectric and optical characteristics of cadmium and sodium oxalates explained their band gap energy and thermal stability found applications in optoelectronic industries and in the similar way like barium oxalate, strontium oxalate and zirconium oxalate have been reported because of their potential applications in pyrotechnology and opto electronic industries [1] - [5] . Among the metallic ions studied, Cd and Na ions have attracted a great deal of interest because it has rather simple chemistry and coordination geometry. Henceforth, we have taken an attempt for the first time to grow sodium mixed cadmium dioxalate dehydrate (SCO) crystals in silica gel medium using single diffusion reaction technique. It acts as bidentate, donor ligand and forms with metal centers chains. Combined with the presence of water molecules directly linked to the metal ions or weakly bonded to the frame work, this leads to a very large variety of structural architectures in three dimensions. In the field of industrial crystallization and semiconductor industries, much importance is given to the addition of foreign particles with the pure crystals in crystallization process. The incorporation of impurities to these crystals is responsible for the specific changes of their physical properties [6] . A known property of oxalates is their insolubility in water, which is useful in separating the transition elements from the mineral as oxalates precipitate [7] . Therefore, to obtain good quality of single crystals of oxalates, no evaporation and high-temperature methods can be used to grow oxalates as they decompose before melting [8] . But the insolubility of oxalates in water [9] is an advantage in growing these crystals by silica gel method, and also, the gel grown transition metal oxalate materials have attracted many solid state physicists to study their thermal properties and their potential applications in the field of organic semiconductors, analytical chemistry, and in industries [10] . However, the principal aim of the present study is mainly focused to study the 1) growth of sodium mixed cadmium dioxalate (SCO) crystals in single diffusion technique, 2) optical properties, 3) changes in the physicochemical properties as a function of increasing temperature with time, and 4) mechanical properties of as grown SCO crystals and identifies their potential functional significances in the electronic industries.
2. Experimental2.1. Preparation of Single Crystals
The growth of sodium-mixed cadmium oxalate crystals was carried out in silica gel media by adopting the single-diffusion technique. The high-purity elements such as cadmium chloride, sodium chloride, oxalic acid, and sodium meta silicate with AR grade were used as the starting materials in the single-diffusion method at a temperature of 28˚C.
2.2. Crystal Growth of CdNa<sub>2</sub>∙2(COO)<sub>2</sub>∙2H<sub>2</sub>O
The optimized growth of gel grown crystals is accomplished by controlled diffusion process. This control of nucleation growth is greatly influenced by single diffusion reaction technique. A test tube (height, 15 cm; diameter, 1.5 cm) was selected as a container for growing the crystals in single-diffusion method. Silica gel was prepared by adding sodium meta silicate solution with a specific gravity of 1.03 to oxalic acid (1 M), drop by drop with continuous stirring to avoid excessive local ion concentration which may cause premature local gelling and make the final solution inhomogeneous. This solution was set with a desired pH range of 4.5 and poured into different test tubes for setting the gel. The gel setting period was exactly 6 days and then the supernatant solution (cadmium chloride (1 M)) was poured over the set gel with the help of a pipette in order to avoid the surface damage and breakage of the gel in the test tube. To increase the crystal size, 10 ml of 4 M NaCl was added with the 1 M of cadmium chloride solution on the set gel to each test tube. The expected and the desired quality of crystals larger in size, transparent, and prismatic shape were grown in the gel within in the period of 15 - 20 days. Typical growth conditions and photographs of as-grown crystals are displayed in Table 1 and Figure 1(a) and Figure 1(b).
When sodium meta silicate goes into a solution, mono silicic acid is expected to be produced [11] according to the following reaction.
This sodium hydroxide is expected to react with oxalic acid, diffusing in a gel from the supernatant solution and forming sodium mixed cadmium oxalate crystals (SCO) by the following reaction.
Growth conditions of CdNa<sub>2</sub>∙2C<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>∙2H<sub>2</sub>O single crystals
Condition
Single diffusion
Density of sodium meta silicate
1.03
pH of gel
4.5
Concentration of CdCl2
1 M
Gel setting period
6 days
Gel aging
48 hours
Period of growth
20 days
Temperature
28˚C
Quality
Transparent
Size
0.30 × 0.25 × 0.20 mm3
Growth of CdNa<sub>2</sub>∙2C<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>∙2H<sub>2</sub>O crystals: (a) CdNa<sub>2</sub>∙2C<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>∙2H<sub>2</sub>O crystals formation in silica gel; (b) Photograph of as-grown CdNa<sub>2</sub>∙2C<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>∙2H<sub>2</sub>O crystal with a size of 0.30 × 0.25 × 0.20 mm<sup>3</sup>.
3. Characterization
The powder XRD pattern of as grown SCO crystals were carried out by powder XPERT-PRO X-ray diffract meter using the intense X-ray of wavelength 1.5406 Å (Cu Ka) at a scan speed of 1˚ /minute. FTIR absorption spectrum of as grown SCO crystal was recorded using RX1 model, Perkin Elmer (make) FTIR spectrometer in the region 400 - 4000 cm−1. SEM-EDAX spectrum of as grown SCO crystals were analyzed using VEGA3 TESCAN at the scanning image range is 2.73 kx to analyze the observation defects. TGA and DTA of grown crystals were carried out using the Mettler TA4000 system in the argon gas atmosphere to study the thermal stability and the decomposition stages of as grown SCO crystals. UV-VIS-NIR Absorption spectrum was recorded in the Lambda 35 instrument with a scanning speed of 480 nm/min between the wave length ranges of 190 nm and 1100 nm to determine the band gap energy. The instrument of Vickers Micro hardness tester attached to a metallurgical microscope, the video measuring systems with offset of diagonal tips of indenter is <25 mm and the load resolution 0.001 N are used to study the hardness numeral of sodium mixed cadmium oxalate crystal at 32˚C to calculate the mechanical strength of the title compound.
4. Results and Discussion4.1. XRD Analysis
The powder XRD pattern of the sample is shown in Figure 2. The well defined peaks at specific 2q values show high crystalline nature of the grown crystals. The observed XRD pattern of this work was indexed using the XRDML software package. Obtained d-spacing and the Miller indices (hkl) are in agreement with the standard values (JCPDS Card No.53-0085) reported. Hence it is likely that the anhydrate crystal has similar crystal system with the standard crystal data which is triclinic that have been already reported [12] .
4.2. Functional Group Identification of CdNa<sub>2</sub>∙2C<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>∙2H<sub>2</sub>O Crystal Using FTIR Spectrum
FTIR absorption spectrum of as grown SCO crystals shown in Figure 3. The cadmium molecule is the most basic, and therefore, the presence of oxalate groups is revealed in the FTIR spectrum. An intense band of strong
The powder XRD pattern of as-grown CdNa<sub>2</sub>∙2C<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>∙2H<sub>2</sub>O crystal
FTIR spectrum of the grown CdNa<sub>2</sub>∙2C<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>∙2H<sub>2</sub>O crystals
absorption around 3547.07 cm−1 and protonated by the carboxyl group (COOH) gives hydrogen bonding [13] , which is attributed to O-H stretching vibration for the confirmative group of water on hydration. The broadness occurring in absorption bands appears at 1609.06 cm−1, which is supported by the presence of oxalate ion by O-H bending vibration [14] . Regions below 1650 cm−1 are referred as the fingerprint for many organic compounds, and also, the well-pronounced sharp peak at 1314.79 cm−1 represents the CO2 symmetric stretching. The very sharp peak that lies at 779.03 cm−1 and 523.14 cm−1 shows the metal-oxygen bonds. These wave numbers are compared with the pure cadmium oxalate crystals [15] and it was found that they were fairly dependent on the band assignments of required functional groups are shown in Table 2.
4.3. SEM-EDAX Measurements
He increasing demand for crystals of better perfection for use in the fabrication of electronic devices and in the understanding of the plastic deformation leads to analyze the defects in crystal. The SEM micrograph is shown in Figure 4(a). The micro morphology is photographed and analyzed under the optical microscope. The surfaces are rectangle in shape and are aligned along the flat surface. The rectangle pattern of the flat surface contains few rock and valley shaped dislocations due to the high kink nucleation. The kink nucleation is principally controlled by the successful under saturation of the supernatant solutions. The dislocations may also be due to plastic deformation caused by thermal stresses. Thus the results of SEM are consistent with XRD analysis. The changes in the EDAX measurements are made at different points on the surface of crystals are given in Figure 4(b) and the presence of required atoms of average weight & atomic percentage values obtained is shown in Table 3. The spectrum confirms the presence of expected major elements like cadmium, sodium, carbon and oxygen of the title compound.
FTIR spectrum for functional groups identification of pure CdC<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>∙3H<sub>2</sub>O versus CdNa<sub>2</sub>∙2C<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>∙2H<sub>2</sub>O crystals
Wave number of Cd C2O4∙3H2O (cm−1)
Wave number of CdNa2∙2C2O4∙2H2O (cm−1)
Band assignment
1600.4
1609.06
C-O with C-C
1322.5
1314.79
C=O
776 & 521.8
779.03 & 523.14
M-O
3586.8, 3106.7 & 2919.3
3547.07 & 2917.8
O-H
Functional groups of SCO crystal
Element
Weight %
Atomic %
C
66.47
75.38
O
28.14
23.95
Na
0.02
0.01
Cd
5.37
0.65
Total
100.00
(a) Morphology of SCO crystals; (b) EDAX spectrum of SCO crystals
4.4. TGA/DTA Thermal analysis
On the DTA curve, there is one endothermic peak at 135.2˚C due to the decomposition of sodium mixed cadmium oxalate dihydrate into anhydrous sodium mixed cadmium oxalate. The maximum reaction rate temperatures of 126.4˚C and 374.4˚C are denoted by TM, resulting in the maximum decomposition states of the compound. The exothermic peak at 400.5˚C confirms the decomposition of sodium mixed cadmium oxalate into sodium mixed cadmium carbonate and sodium mixed cadmium oxide. In the differential thermal analysis, temperature changes in the sample are due to the reactions caused by phase changes, decomposition, oxidation, reduction, or other chemical reactions [16] . The study of thermal analysis is significant for knowing the different phases and stages of the stability of the compound. TGA thermo-gram from Figure 5 shows two distinct steps. The first step of dehydration starts at 64.8˚C and ends at 188.18˚C, which shows the formation of anhydrous sodium mixed cadmium oxalate crystal from sodium mixed cadmium oxalate dehydrate crystal, resulting in the weight loss of 20.21%. The second step represents the decomposition of sodium mixed cadmium oxalate crystal into sodium mixed cadmium oxide in the temperature range of 263.02˚C and 485.8˚C with 36.6% weight loss, which shows the release of CO2 and CO molecules as gases. This variation in the 1st and 2nd stages of mass losses explained that the process is no spontaneous. Fresh calibration of the instrument with minimal ash content (<3%) outcomes the TGA values below zero and also the residual mass are negative. This thermal behavior is compared with the already-reported results of the pure cadmium oxalate crystals [17] and found that the stability of as grown crystals is higher than the pure cadmium oxalate crystals and the physiochemical properties of SCO crystals prevent their thermal decomposition during processing.
4.5. UV Absorption Spectrum
UV-VIS spectrum studies on pure cadmium oxalate crystals were exhibited both direct and indirect transitions to the band gap energy values: Eg (direct) = 4.4 eV and Eg (indirect) = 4.2 eV which have already been reported [18] . The recorded optical spectrum of the title compound is found to be active in the UV region having a significant absorption in the lowest cut off wavelength of 224.64 nm is shown in Figure 6. In the high photon energy region, the energy dependence of absorption coefficient
where A is the absorbance and t is the thickness of the crystal sample. Absorption coefficient α suggests the
TGA/DTA thermogram of as-grown CdNa<sub>2</sub>∙2C<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>∙2H<sub>2</sub>O crystals
UV-Vis-NIR Absorption spectrum of sodium mixed cadmium oxalate crystal
occurrence of direct band gap of the crystal obeying the following equation for high photon energies (hυ) [19] ,
where “α” is the absorption coefficient, “h” is the Plank’s constant, “A” is a constant “υ” is the frequency of the incident photon and “Eg” is the optical band gap. The Tauc’s graph [20] plot between (αhυ)2 and the photon energy (hυ) is shown in Figure 7. The extrapolation of the linear part of the graph gives the optical band gap energy value to be 5.5 eV and this wide band gap of SCO crystal confirms the semiconducting activity of as grown-crystal in electronic industries.
4.6. Micro Hardness Studies
The study on the hardness numeral of sodium mixed cadmium oxalate crystal is calculated using the relation
where P is the applied load in kg and d is the average diagonal length of the indented impression in millimeter.
Obtained Hv for the change in applied loads of the SCO crystals is tabulated in the Table 4. The Hardness number of CO crystals are non linear with the applied test load from the Figure 8 indicates that they are brittle materials. The results of the study are in good agreement with the earlier reported work on the gel grown cadmium oxalate crystals [21] .
The slope is taken from the Figure 9 and the index number is found to be
Yield strength (5)
where. The average yield strength for various loads is given by. The variation on micro hardness with loads is typically non-linear indicates that the Meyer’s law is suitable for the determination of load-dependent hardness.
5. Conclusion
FTIR & EDAX spectral studies confirm the presence of expected functional and metal-oxygen bonded groups of as-grown crystal. Powder XRD reveals the crystalline properties of as-grown crystal. The peaks obtained identify
hυ vs (αhυ)<sup>2</sup> of sodium mixed cadmium oxalate crystal
Hardness (H<sub>v</sub>) vs. no. of test (P) of as-grown SCO crystal
Log P vs. Log d of SCO crystals
H<sub>v</sub> value of SCO crystals
P (Nm)
D (length)
Log p
Log d
Hv
9.807
5.79
0.99
0.7626
55.4
19.61
7.55
1.2924
0.8779
65.0
49.03
10.20
1.6904
1.0086
89.1
98.07
13.93
1.9915
1.1439
95.6
245.2
21.8
2.3895
1.3360
98.7
the grown crystals belonging to triclinic system. Vickers’s micro hardness test shows that the variation in Hv with a load on the surfaces of sodium mixed cadmium oxalate crystals is typically non-linear and reveals that they are brittle materials. The SEM micrograph shows the good perfection and few defects on the surface of the SCO crystals. The band gap energy, wide transparent nature together with non linearity from UV and the perfect layered linear alignment of the surface studies indicate that the SCO crystals are suitable for the fabrication of materials for opto-electronic devices. TGA thermo gram plots reveal that the present sample is stable at 64.8˚C supporting its application in the electronic industries and prove that the metal dicarboxilates are the appropriate stabilizing material of PVC to control its thermal decomposition during processing.
Acknowledgements
The authors are also thankful to University Grants Commission, Grant no.F.NO:4-4/2014-15 (MRPSEM/UGC- SERO) for providing financial support under Minor Research Project scheme. We extend our heartfelt thanks to Dr. Justin, Assistant professor, Department of Physics (NIT), Tiruchirappalli and also Mr. Mohan, Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facilities (SAIF), IIT-Chennai, for providing characterization facilities.
Cite this paper
F. Daisy Selasteen,S. Alfred Cecil Raj,A. Alagappa Moses,F. Emalda Prince,R. Esther Getsy,R. Elakkiya, (2016) Synthesis, Growth and Characterization of Sodium Mixed Cadmium Oxalate Crystals. Journal of Crystallization Process and Technology,06,11-20. doi: 10.4236/jcpt.2016.62002
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