The quark model has been a great success of the Standard Model (SM) and particle physics [1] -[12] . It is a classification scheme for composite hadrons in terms of multiple valence quarks. These are associated with quantum numbers such as isospin, J, parity, and charge of the hadrons. The quark model underlies the Eightfold Way. The composite hadrons are defined by equilateral triangular arrays where there is a valence quark at each corner of a single triangle. However, there is no scheme or “proto” valence quark triangular array for the origin of the internal organization of the valence quarks themselves, such as up or down or charge characteristics. The existing model only defines the organization of the composite quarks within the hadrons not between the quarks themselves. This includes their relative mass, charge, and whether they are up type or down type quarks.

This paper focuses on the fundamental origin of the valence quark internal organization encompassing the properties of an up type or down type quark, the three generations, their relative mass scaling, and fractional charges that secondarily generate the existing composite quark model.

The Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) matrix is the quark mixing matrix [13] -[16] . It is a unitary matrix which contains information on the patterns and relative strength of flavor-changing weak decays. Despite the extensive research, its quantum origin and scaling are unknown. This matrix is rectangular not a triangular pattern similar to the other composite quark model arrays.

The Harmonic Neutron Hypothesis, HNH, interrogates the fundamental constants and computationally assigns them with integers based on their relative scale and natural unit power law relationships [17] -[25] . It has been shown that the quarks are associated with the natural unit Y-intercept, , of a fundamental electromagnetic line, EM, scaled by Planck’s constant, h, and the Rydberg constant, R. This line is associated with the quantum number 3, and the character of electrical charge. These are both directly related to the quark characteristics. This value is the slope and Y-intercept, , of a power law. The quarks’ power law lines’ Y-intercepts and inverse slopes are associated with the product of three integer factors {1, 2, 3}, and the values:, , and [23] , Figure 1 and Figure 2. These integer factors are referred to as n_bem quantum numbers for each integer factor. Each term equals the Y-intercept, and its additive inverse equals the slope of a quark power law line.

This is a new discovery within the HNH defining a power law relationship of the quarks. A new proposed inverted equilateral triangular array based upon the relative descending masses of the quarks, their up type and down type organization, their charges, and their n_bem representation is proposed. The array is evaluated to see if

it generates a logical, mathematical, quantum number rationale, for the proto organization of the valence quarks, which thus secondarily defines the existing composite quark hadron model, and the CKM matrix patterns.

All of the data for the fundamental constants were obtained from the websites: http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants/ and https://www.wikipedia.org. The NIST site http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants/energy.html has an online physical unit converter that can be used for these types of calculations so the values used in the model are all standard unit conversions.

Floating point accuracy is based upon known experimental data for the, , , and R, of approximately. All of the known fundamental constants are converted to frequency equivalents. Equation (1) demonstrates the frequency equivalent conversion of the neutron as an example. Table 1 lists the standard unit, integer exponents, , partial fraction exponents, , , and known exponents, or derived exponents, of the constants utilized in this paper. Conversions of the other constants have been previously published. Masses are converted to their frequency equivalents, , by multiplying by c² then dividing by h.

Distances are converted to frequency equivalents by dividing the wavelength into c. Energies in Joules are converted to Hz by dividing by h. The eV value for the neutron is. Its frequency in Hz is converted to eV by multiplying by the constant,. The eV was converted to frequency by multiplying by the constant,.

This model has two parallel domains both describing identical physical values. One domain is the frequency equivalent of any physical value. This is the linear domain. The other domain is exponential in form, with base, which when exponentiated to its specific partial harmonic fraction equals the frequency equivalent of

that specific value, Equation (2). The known exponent, exp_k, of a fundamental constant is the ratio of the natural logarithm of its dimensionless equivalent, , divided by natural logarithm of the neutron’s dimensionless equivalent, , Equation (2). Here, equals 53.780055612(22). The subscript

k denotes a known dimensionless equivalent of an experimental value. The subscript d represents the dimensionless equivalent of a derived value. Equation (2) is especially important since it relates via a change of base formula to an integer fractional exponent and thus to their respective quantum fractions and ds.

By simple algebraic manipulation the exp minus the quantum fraction or minus the partial harmonic fraction equals the, Equation (3). A quantum fraction is an integer fractional exponent, but not solely a partial fraction in some settings. The frequency equivalent of a constant, v, is calculated by raising the base

to the exponent in Equation (4). The negative harmonic fractions of are associated with physical

constants of masses, rest energies, or frequencies less than that of the neutron, while those with positive harmonic fractions of n_ife suggest masses, rest energies, or frequencies greater than that of the neutron.

The standard physical units, frequency equivalents, exponents, , partial fractions, , and associated with the neutron, Planck’s constant, the electron, the Bohr radius, the Rydberg constant, and the quarks are summarized in Table 1 [18] [19] [23] .There is an imperative that the fundamental constants follow a natural unit power law property, and prime factor progression of the composites of the.

The HNH is completely defined by the pure number properties of a finite consecutive integer sequence, and their associated harmonic fractions [18] . This is the essence of the definition of quantum systems. There is a prime imperative where the lowest primes define the general hierarchical organization of the composites. More specifically, the only partial harmonic fractions composed of the prime numbers 2 and 3 are the fractions 2/3 and 3/2, which, not coincidentally, comprise the only consecutive pair of primes. This defines a unique intersection of a system based on consecutive integers, partial fractions, and primes. These are the most fundamental tenants of the Harmonic Neutron Hypothesis. The prime factors and composites derived therefore are logically assumed to represent the most important relationships defining the global hierarchy and organization of the physical constants including the quarks in particular. This imperative states that physical entities must be paired in groups of 3. Our investigations show that any quantum model of the quarks must incorporate this restricted number pattern in all of its physical, quantum number, and matrix manifestations.

This assumption is supported since there are many examples of the factors 1, 2, 3, 6, and 12 defining the properties of the quarks. There are 6 matter quarks and 6 anti-matter quarks, total 12. There are three quarks more massive than the neutron and three with less. There are 3 up type quarks, and 3 down type quarks. Two thirds of the quark partial fraction denominators are even and one third are primes. Baryons are composed of 3 quarks. Mesons are composed of 2 quarks. The neutron is composed one third in the number of up quarks and two thirds in the number of down quarks. The proton is composed two thirds in the number of up quarks and one third in the number of down quarks. There are no singlet quarks. The fractional charges of the quarks are ±1/3, and ±2/3 and baryon groups of quark valences add to integer values of ±2, ±1, or 0. The new quantum number, , follows this pattern {1, 2, 3}. One half of the six quarks are associated with 1; one third of the six quarks with 2, and one sixth of the six quarks with 3.

The quark partial fractions are limited by the prime number composite possibilities of the smallest prime numbers in a very specific pattern [18] . Many of the quark values are unusually small and far from the other typical ranges of other fundamental constants. Figure 1 and Figure 2 demonstrate the integer factors {1, 2, 3}, of the electromagnetic, (EM), line, bem Y-intercepts of the quarks. This was previously published in Figure 2 of

reference [23] . All three lines arise from the (1, 0) point. This is associated with a frequency of. This

value must represent a black hole since its Compton wavelength is smaller than its Schwarzschild radius. This multiple integer slope pattern is inherent in the 2D geometry of any exponential harmonic system, Figure 1 of reference [21] . Here, is related to the Y-intercept of the electromagnetic d-line, and consequently related to both R and h. The slope of the, quark line slope is the additive inverse of the EM line,. The c, b, t quarks are associated with an of 1, the s and d quarks with an of 2, and the u quark with an of 3. These represent respectively fractions of 3/6, for; 2/6 for; and 1/6 for.

We propose a new proto quark model triangular array of the six valence quarks based on their integers, and depicted in a standard isosceles triangular quark array identical to that of essentially all other quark model arrays [10] . The fractional charges of the quarks are logically associated with ±1/3 and ±2/3. The quarks are logically listed consecutively in descending relative mass: t, b, c, s, d, and u. This is logical since the quarks should transform from a greater mass to a lower mass. An inverted triangular array with the levels from top to bottom associated with 1, 2, 3 is defined, Figure 3 and Figure 5 and Figure 6. The top row, 1, from left to right includes the c, b, and t quarks. The second row, 2, from left to right includes the d and s quarks. The lowest row, 3, is the up quark.

The down quark logically must be more massive than the up quark. The charge of the down quark should be minus 1/3 and that of the up quark plus 2/3 since the neutron should be neutral and have a mass larger than the proton. Otherwise the neutron would be charged and smaller than the proton. Also the weak transition of one up or down type quark to the other type must be associated with a global charge transformation of ±1. The transformations must be charge and type appropriate, independent of direction of the transformation, in all three possible directions.

This proto array is analyzed to identify if it generates a valence quark pattern that defines the global composite quark model and the CKM matrix.

There are a myriad 1 of 3; 2 of 3; and 3 of 3 quark groupings inherent in our geometric proto quark model. The cascade of decreasing quark masses is such that 2/3 of which are up to down and 1/3 down to up from t through u quarks in decreasing mass order.

Weak decay transformations should be associated with a change of one unit of charge and the transformation of one type of quark, up or down type, to the other. A change from any quark to its neighbor moving around the periphery of the proto triangle is always associated with a transformation of an up type quark to a down type quark or vice versa, and a total charge change of 1. Any transformation from a corner to the opposing mid-point or vice versa is associated with similar results. It is not possible to move from a down quark to another down quark or any up quark to another up quark. Any other configuration would not fulfill this imperative in all possible directions.

Stacks of quark or anti-quark triangular arrays can be utilized to create the possibilities of 2 and 3 quark groups identical to the standard quark model, Figure 3. These will not be discussed in detail since it diverts to another independent topic.

Figure 4 is a diagram of the standard CMK matrix. Each up quark corner point is associated with a transformation to the possible 3 down quark midpoints, Figure 3 and Figure 5 and Figure 6. Each down quark midpoint could transform into any of the possible up quark corners. Each transition is associated with a charge sum difference of 1. This simple pattern exactly defines the general structure of the CKM matrix pattern.

There is no known quantum number rationale defining the internal organization within the valence quarks themselves as a primary independent system. The existing quark model refers only to the valence quarks that define the composite organization of the hadrons. The valence quark organization of a total of 12 quarks, 6 matter, and 6 anti-matter, up and down types, masses, and their respective charges are empiric. It is not based on specific quantum numbers related to the inter-relationship of the valence quarks. The standard quark models are based on progressive quantum number series just as the new triangular array. The fractional charges of the quarks are a prime number imperative of the partial fraction 2/3. Therefore the discoveries of the quantum numbers and the new triangular array are significant in the advancement of the understanding of the quark model from its foundation up. The geometric pattern of the new quark array inherently generates repeating interlocking possibilities of 1/3, 2/3, and 3/3 in two groups each totaling 6, and independent of the direction of transi-

tion. Only the HNH has demonstrated fundamental tenants of the model of using both the novelty of partial fractions and the prime number imperative that defines many quark properties.

Based on our new array, the standard organization of the hadrons can be created by stacking multiple arrays similar to the standard quark model. The possible hadrons can be examined by sorting through all of the possible combinations across different arrays rather than within one.

There is no known quantum number rationale for the CKM matrix. The matrix is based on empirical observations. The new triangular array accurately and simply generates the CKM matrix based on a triangular geometry, descending partial fractions/mass, logical charge values, the, as well as, a pattern independent of the direc-

tion of transformation, Figure 3 and Figure 5 and Figure 6. The array is symmetrically structured so all of the transformations are possible and valid. The HNH has demonstrated many connections between the fundamental constants not visible within the Standard Model or String Theory. A few examples include the common principal quantum number of 11 for the Higgs boson, the fine structure constant, and the down quark [21] . The top and up quarks both are associated with the harmonic fraction of 1/10 [18] [19] [23] . The partial fractions of the Hubble constant and the neutrino’s kinetic energy are inverses [22] . The Planck time squared and the Hubble constant both fall on the identical d-line [22] .

It is hoped that it will be possible to derive the actual mixing angles of the CKM matrix in the future. This is an active area of our research.

Pure number properties manifest as physical properties in many quantum phenomena. These pure number properties are well established within a limited number of physical systems. In the HNH, every aspect of the model is integer/quantum based. The following are a few examples. Black body radiation, , is associated with on-

ly integrally spaced frequencies. All elements exhibit second quantization based on an integral number of nucleons. Both of these can appear continuous experimentally, but conceptually and mathematically they must be integer-based. Even-numbered groupings of protons and neutrons within nucleons are not associated with nuclear magnetic resonance properties while those exhibiting odd-numbered groupings do. The property of strangeness is integer-related as well. Matter and anti-matter are related to a change in sign.